Biocompatibility assessments are a battery of tests performed to evaluate a product, medical device, or other material for the risk of biological hazards. The first test performed is typically a cytotoxicity evaluation. This is done by preparing an extract of the sample to treat a monolayer of healthy mammalian cells in vitro. Results of this assay can indicate the potential toxicity risk a product carries without testing on animals.
Irritation is a localized non-specific inflammatory response to a single, repeated, or continuous application of a substance or material. The in vitro irritation test involves an extraction in physiologically relevant solvents. These extracts are applied to a reconstructed human epidermis model which contains the major layers of cells that are found in a true human epidermis. Death of the cells in this model after exposure to the extracts collected from a product indicate that an irritating substance was leached off the material and poses a risk of adverse reactions in the end user.
In the early stages of materials development for consumer electronics, a myriad of technologies comes into play, including semiconductors, MEMs & NAND structures, plastics, glass, and various raw materials.
Cryo TEM involves performing TEM analysis while keeping the sample at cryogenic temperatures, around -170°C.
III-V materials partially provide us with the ever evolving and changing technological advances we enjoy today.
For 3D printed products, XPS can provide composition and bonding information for the top 5-10nm sample surfaces. Oftentimes, surface contamination/oxide thickness would affect the appearance (as well as performance when applicable) of the material, and XPS could help identify the source and/or cause.
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